Closest I can think of is the Venom storyline (pre-Bane) where he failed to save a young girl in the sewers because he couldn't lift a rock. Massive addiction spiral that was dealt with really well for the time.

Closest we got was Michael Keaton’s Batman in the Flash. There was a deleted scene that subtely explained his knowledge of time travel. Younger Flash said that he accidently killed a thug in front of his kid, which made him hang the cape for good.

Not the focus of the comic but in the Injustice run, there’s a point where Superman is living an alternate dream timeline, and instead of Superman Killing the Joker, Batman does it so Superman wouldn’t. And he immediately turns himself into Gordon and serves his time. I think this is how most Batman iterations would actually respond if they were ever pushed to crossing that line. He would face the consequences head on and take accountability.